Nizam al-Mulk

Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī Ṭūsī (Persian: ابوعلی حسن بن علی طوسی) (1018 – 1092), better known by his honorific title of Niẓām al-Mulk (Persian: نظام‌الملک, lit. 'Orderer of the Realm'), was a Persian Sunni scholar, jurist, and vizier of the Seljuk Empire. Rising from a low position within the empire, he became the de facto ruler of the realm for 20 years after the assassination of Sultan Alp Arslan in 1072, and is often portrayed in Persianate historical traditions as the archetypal "good vizier". Widely regarded as one of the most influential statesmen in medieval Islamic history, the administrative policies and bureaucratic frameworks formalized by Nizam al-Mulk deeply influenced Perso-Islamic statecraft for centuries.

One of his most important legacies was the founding of a system of madrasas in cities across the Seljuk Empire which were called the Nizamiyyas after him. He is also traditionally credited with authoring the Siyasatnama (Book of Government), a political and administrative treatise that uses historical anecdotes to pragmatically discuss justice, effective rule, and the role of the bureaucracy in Islamic society.