Ahmad Shah Massoud

Ahmad Shah Massoud (c. 1953 – 9 September 2001) was an Afghan military leader and politician. Known as the "Lion of Panjshir", he was the foremost commander of the Afghan mujahideen against Soviet occupation during the Soviet–Afghan War from 1979 to 1989. Later, in the 1990s, he led the government's military wing against rival militias, and actively fought against the Taliban and their allies, from the time the regime rose to power in 1996, and until his assassination in 2001.

Massoud came from a Tajik Sunni Muslim background in the Panjshir Valley in northern Afghanistan. He began studying engineering at Polytechnical University of Kabul in the 1970s, where he developed Islamist and anti-communist views. He joined the Jamiat-i Islami of Burhanuddin Rabbani and, in 1975, participated in a failed uprising against President Daoud Khan's government. During the Soviet–Afghan War, he successfully resisted the Soviets from taking the Panjshir Valley. In 1992, he signed the Peshawar Accord, a peace and power-sharing agreement, in the post-communist Islamic State of Afghanistan. He was appointed the Minister of Defense as well as the government's main military commander. The accord was opposed by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar and other warlords, who attacked Kabul and initiated the Second Afghan Civil War (1992–1996).

Following the rise of the Taliban in 1996, Massoud, who rejected the group's extremist interpretation of Islam, returned to armed opposition. He became the military leader of the Northern Alliance, which by 2000 controlled only 5–10% of the country. In 2001, he visited Europe and urged European Parliament leaders for humanitarian aid to combat the Afghan people's conditions under the Taliban. On September 9, 2001, Massoud was killed in a suicide bombing by two al-Qaeda assassins. Two days later, al-Qaeda operatives carried out the September 11 attacks in the United States. Within weeks, American and NATO forces invaded Afghanistan, allying with the Northern Alliance and toppling the Taliban from power. By December 2001, the coalition had secured control over the country.