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Topic timeline · 1299 – 1922

Ottoman Empire

54 events

A Turkish empire that ruled much of southeastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa for more than six centuries.

Showing 716 years

Key people

Showing the 24 best-known of 57 people.

Everything that happened

  1. 1394 – 1402Siege of ConstantinopleConstantinopleThe siege of Constantinople from 1394 to 1402 was a long blockade of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I. Already in 1391, the rapid Ottoman conquests in the Balkans had cut off the city from its hinterland.Source: Wikidata (country)
  2. 1422Siege of ConstantinopleConstantinopleIn 1422, the Ottoman Empire laid siege to Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, as a result of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel II's attempts to interfere in the succession of Ottoman Sultans, after the death of Mehmed I in 1421. This policy of the Byzantines was often used successfully in weakening their neighbours.Source: Wikidata (country)
  3. 1443 – 1468Skanderbeg's rebellionAlbania sanjakSkanderbeg's rebellion (Albanian: Kryengritja e Skënderbeut) was an almost 25-year long anti-Ottoman rebellion led by the Albanian military commander Skanderbeg in what is today Albania and North Macedonia. It was a rare successful instance of resistance by Christians during the 15th century and through his leadership led Albanians in guerrilla warfare against the Ottomans.Source: Wikidata (country of the location)
  4. 1444Battle of VarnaVarnaThe Battle of Varna took place on 10 November 1444 near Varna in what is today eastern Bulgaria. The Ottoman army under Sultan Murad II (who did not actually rule the sultanate at the time) defeated the Crusaders commanded by King Władysław III of Poland and Hungary, John Hunyadi (acting as commander of the combined Christian forces) and Mircea II of Wallachia.Source: Wikidata (country)
  5. 1453Fall of ConstantinopleIstanbulOttoman sultan Mehmed II captures Constantinople, ending the Byzantine Empire. The city becomes the Ottoman capital.
  6. 1460 – 1461Siege of TrebizondTrabzonThe siege of Trebizond was the successful siege of the city of Trebizond, capital of the Empire of Trebizond, by the Ottomans under Sultan Mehmed II, which ended on 15 August 1461. The siege culminated a lengthy campaign on the Ottoman side, which involved coordinated but independent manoeuvres by a large army and navy.Source: Wikidata (country)
  7. 1463Ottoman Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnia and HerzegovinaThe Ottoman Empire era of rule in Bosnia (first as a sanjak, then as an eyalet) and Herzegovina (also as a sanjak, then eyalet) lasted from 1463/1482 to 1908.
  8. 15091509 Constantinople earthquakeIstanbulThe 1509 Constantinople earthquake, or historically Kıyamet-i Suğra ('Minor Judgment Day'), occurred in the Sea of Marmara on 10 September 1509 at about 22:00. The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of 7.2 ± 0.3 on the surface-wave magnitude scale. A tsunami and 45 days of aftershocks followed the earthquake. The exact death toll of this earthquake is unknown; estimates range between 1,000 and 13,000.Source: Wikidata (country)
  9. 1514Battle of ChaldiranChaldoranThe Battle of Chaldiran (Persian: جنگ چالدران; Turkish: Çaldıran Savaşı) took place on 23 August 1514 and ended with a decisive victory for the Ottoman Empire over the Safavid Empire. As a result, the Ottomans annexed Eastern Anatolia and Upper Mesopotamia from Safavid Iran. It marked the first Ottoman expansion into Eastern Anatolia, and the halt of the Safavid expansion to the west.
  10. 1519 – 1659Celali rebellionsOttoman EmpireThe Celali rebellions (Turkish: Celalî ayaklanmaları) were a series of rebellions in Anatolia of irregular troops led by bandit chiefs and provincial officials known as celalî, celâli, or jelālī, against the Ottoman Empire in the late 16th and early to mid-17th centuries.Source: Wikidata (country)
  11. 1526Battle of MohácsSátorhelyThe Battle of Mohács took place on 29 August 1526 near Mohács, in the Kingdom of Hungary. It was fought between the forces of Hungary, led by King Louis II, and the invading Ottoman Empire, commanded by Suleiman the Magnificent and his grand vizier, Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha.
  12. 1571Battle of LepantoNafpaktosThe Battle of Lepanto was a naval engagement that took place on 7 October 1571 when a fleet of the Holy League, a coalition of Catholic states arranged by Pope Pius V and led by the navies of the Spanish Empire and the Republic of Venice, inflicted a major defeat on the fleet of the Ottoman Empire in the Gulf of Patras.
  13. 1645 – 1669Cretan WarDalmatiaThe Cretan War, also known as the War of Candia or the fifth Ottoman–Venetian war, was a conflict between the Republic of Venice and her allies (chief among them the Knights of Malta, the Papal States and France) against the Ottoman Empire and the Barbary States largely fought over the island of Crete, Venice's largest and richest overseas possession.Source: Wikidata (country)
  14. 16681668 North Anatolia earthquakeOttoman EmpireNorthern Anatolia was struck by a large earthquake on 17 August 1668 in the late morning. It had an estimated magnitude in the range 7.8–8.0 Ms and the maximum felt intensity was IX on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale. The epicenter of the earthquake was on the southern shore of Ladik Lake. It caused widespread damage from as far west as Bolu and as far east as Erzincan, resulting in about 8,000 deaths.Source: Wikidata (country)
  15. 1683 – 1699Polish–Ottoman WarAustriaThe Polish–Ottoman War or the War of the Holy League was the Polish side of the conflict that is otherwise known as the Great Turkish War. The conflict began with a Polish victory at the Battle of Vienna in 1683 and ended with the Treaty of Karlowitz, which restored to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth lands lost in the previous Polish–Ottoman War (1672–76)).Source: Wikidata (country)
  16. 1688Siege of BelgradeBelgradeThe siege of Belgrade was a successful attempt by Habsburg troops under the command of the Elector of Bavaria Maximilian II Emanuel to capture the city of Belgrade from the Ottoman Empire. Part of the Great Turkish War (1683–1699), the siege lasted a month and culminated in the capture of the city on 6 September 1688.Source: Wikidata (country)
  17. 1689Karposh's rebellionRumelia eyaletKarposh's rebellion or Karposh's uprising (Macedonian: Карпошово востание, Karpošovo vostanie; Bulgarian: Карпошово въстание, Karposhovo vastanie) was a Christian anti-Ottoman uprising in the Central Balkans that took place in October 1689 during the Great Turkish War of 1683–1699. The nickname Karposh probably derives from the Paleo-Balkan term karpa 'tuff (rock), limestone'.Source: Wikidata (country)
  18. 1717Siege of BelgradeBelgradeThe siege of Belgrade was the capture by the Habsburg forces under the command of Prince Eugene of Savoy of the strategically-important city of Belgrade from the Ottoman Empire. It took place during the Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718), barely a year after the Habsburg victory at the Battle of Petrovaradin (Peterwardein).Source: Wikidata (country)
  19. 1787 – 1791Russo-Turkish WarEastern EuropeThe Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792 involved an unsuccessful attempt by the Ottoman Empire to regain lands lost to the Russian Empire in the course of the previous Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774). It took place concomitantly with the Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791), the Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790), and the Theatre War.Source: Wikidata (country)
  20. 1789Siege of BelgradeBelgradeIn the siege of Belgrade (15 September – 8 October 1789) a Habsburg Austrian army led by feldmarschall Ernst Gideon von Laudon besieged an Ottoman force under Osman Pasha in the fortress of Belgrade. After a three-week leaguer, the Austrians forced the surrender of the fortress. During the campaign which was part of the Austro-Turkish War, the Austrian army was greatly hampered by illness.Source: Wikidata (country)
  21. 1798 – 1801French invasion of Egypt and SyriaEgyptThe French invasion of Egypt and Syria (1798–1801) was a military expedition to Ottoman-held Egypt and Syria led by Napoleon Bonaparte during the French Revolutionary Wars. The campaign aimed to undermine British trade routes, expand French influence, and establish a scientific and administrative presence in Egypt.Source: Wikidata (country of the location)
  22. 1804 – 1813First Serbian UprisingSanjak of SmederevoThe First Serbian Uprising was an uprising of Serbs in Orašac against the Dahije, and later the Ottoman Empire from 14 February 1804 to 7 October 1813. The uprising began as a local revolt against renegade janissary officers who had seized power in a coup d'état against the Ottoman sultan.Source: Wikidata (country)
  23. 1804Slaughter of the KnezesSanjak of SmederevoThe Slaughter of the Knezes (Serbian: Сеча кнезова, romanized: Seča knezova) was a campaign of organized murders and assaults of notable Serbs in the Belgrade Pashalik (Sanjak of Smederevo) in January–February 1804 by the renegade Janissaries known as "Dahije", who had seized power in a coup against the Vizier Hadji Mustafa Pasha in 1800–1801.Source: Wikidata (country)
  24. 1807 – 1808Ottoman coups of 1807–1808ConstantinopleThe Ottoman palace coups of 1807–1808 refers to several coups and rebellions deposing or restoring to the throne three Ottoman sultans, that took place as a result of the attempted reforms of Selim III.Source: Wikidata (country)
  25. 1815 – 1817Second Serbian UprisingSanjak of SmederevoThe Second Serbian Uprising was the second phase of the Serbian Revolution against the Ottoman Empire, which erupted shortly after the re-annexation of the country to the Ottoman Empire in 1813. The occupation was enforced following the defeat of the First Serbian Uprising (1804–1813), during which Serbia existed as a de facto independent state for over a decade.Source: Wikidata (country of the location)
  26. 1831 – 1833Egyptian–Ottoman WarOttoman SyriaThe First Egyptian–Ottoman War or First Syrian War (1831–1833) was a military conflict between the Ottoman Empire and Egypt brought about by Muhammad Ali Pasha's demand to the Sublime Porte for control of Greater Syria, as reward for aiding the Sultan during the Greek War of Independence. As a result, Egyptian forces temporarily gained control of Syria, advancing as far north as Kütahya.Source: Wikidata (country of the location)
  27. 1838Treaty of Balta LimanBaltalimanıThe 1838 Treaty of Balta Liman, or the Anglo-Ottoman Treaty, was a formal trade agreement signed between the Sublime Porte of the Ottoman Empire and Great Britain. The trade policies imposed upon the Ottoman Empire, after the Treaty of Balta Liman, were some of the most liberal, open market settlements that had ever been enacted.Source: Wikidata (country)
  28. 1839 – 1876TanzimatTurkeyThe Tanzimat (Ottoman Turkish: تنظيمات, Turkish: Tanzimât, lit. 'Reorganization') was a period of reforms in the Ottoman Empire that began with the Edict of Gülhane of 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876.
  29. c. 1870Kresna–Razlog uprisingPirinThe Kresna–Razlog uprising (Bulgarian: Кресненско-Разложко въстание, romanized: Kresnensko-Razlozhko vastanie), also known as the Kresna uprising (Macedonian: Кресненско востание, romanized: Kresnensko vostanie), was an anti-Ottoman Bulgarian uprising that took place in Ottoman Macedonia, predominantly in the areas of modern Blagoevgrad Province in Bulgaria in late 1878 and early 1879.Source: Wikidata (country)
  30. 1875 – 1878Herzegovina uprisingBosnia vilayetThe Herzegovina uprising (Serbian: Херцеговачки устанак, romanized: Hercegovački ustanak) was an uprising led by the Christian Serb population against the Ottoman Empire, firstly and predominantly in Herzegovina, from where it spread into Bosnia and Raška. It broke out in the summer of 1875, and in some regions lasted until the beginning of 1878.Source: Wikidata (country)
  31. 1876Batak massacreBatakThe Batak massacre was a massacre of Bulgarians in the town of Batak by Ottoman irregular cavalry troops in 1876, at the beginning of the Bulgarian April Uprising of 1876. The estimate for the number of casualties ranges from 1,200 to 8,000, depending on source, with the most common estimate being 5,000 casualties.Source: Wikidata (country)
  32. 1877Battle of Gorni DubnikDanube VilayetThe Battle of Gorni Dubnik took place during the Russo-Turkish War on 24 October 1877. In an effort to reduce the fortress of Pleven quicker, Russian forces began targeting garrisons along the Ottoman supply and communications route. A significant garrison had been reduced at the Battle of Lovcha in September.Source: Wikidata (country)
  33. 1886Tophane AgreementTophaneThe Tophane Agreement was a treaty between the Principality of Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire signed on 5 April [O.S. 24 March] 1886 during an ambassadorial conference in Istanbul. The agreement was named after the Istanbul neighborhood Tophane, located in Beyoğlu district, where the treaty was signed.Source: Wikidata (country)
  34. 1894 – 1897Hamidian massacresOttoman EmpireThe Hamidian massacres, also called the Armenian massacres, were massacres of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire in the mid-1890s. Estimated casualties ranged from 100,000 to 300,000, resulting in 50,000 orphaned children. The massacres were named after Sultan Abdul Hamid II, who, in his efforts to maintain the imperial domain of the declining Ottoman Empire, reasserted pan-Islamism as a state ideology.Source: Wikidata (country)
  35. 1903Ilinden–Preobrazhenie UprisingMonastir vilayetThe Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising (Bulgarian: Илинденско-Преображенско въстание, romanized: Ilindensko-Preobrazhensko vastanie), consisting of the Ilinden Uprising (Macedonian: Илинденско востание, romanized: Ilindensko vostanie; Greek: Εξέγερση του Ίλιντεν, romanized: Exégersi tou Ílinden) and Preobrazhenie Uprising, was an organized revolt against the Ottoman Empire from August to October 1903.Source: Wikidata (country)
  36. 1905Attempted assassination of Abdul Hamid IIYıldız Hamidi MosqueAn assassination attempt, also known as Operation Nejuik or the Yıldız attack, was carried out on 21 July 1905 by the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF) and anarchist militants against Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II. The attack was perceived as an act of retribution against the main instigator of the Hamidian massacres (1894–1896), which caused the deaths of 100,000 to 300,000 Armenians.Source: Wikidata (country)
  37. 1908Young Turk RevolutionOttoman EmpireThe Young Turk Revolution (July 1908; Turkish: Jön Türk Devrimi) was a constitutionalist revolution in the Ottoman Empire. Revolutionaries belonging to the Internal Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), an organization of the Young Turks movement, forced Sultan Abdul Hamid II to restore the Constitution, recall the parliament, and schedule an election.Source: Wikidata (country)
  38. 190931 March incidentOttoman EmpireThe 31 March incident (Turkish: 31 Mart Vakası) was an uprising in the Ottoman Empire in April 1909, during the Second Constitutional Era. The incident broke out during the night of 30–31 Mart 1325 in Rumi calendar (GC 12–13 April 1909), thus named after 31 March where March is the equivalent to Rumi month Mart.Source: Wikidata (country)
  39. 1909Adana massacreAdana vilayetThe Adana massacre (Armenian: Ադանայի կոտորած; Turkish: Adana Katliamı) occurred in the Adana vilayet of the Ottoman Empire in April 1909. Many Armenians were slain by Ottoman Muslims in the city of Adana as the Ottoman countercoup of 1909 triggered a series of pogroms throughout the province.Source: Wikidata (country)
  40. 1911 – 1912Italo-Turkish WarTripolitania vilayetThe Italo-Turkish War (Turkish: Trablusgarp Savaşı, "Tripolitanian War", Italian: Guerra di Libia, "War of Libya"), also known as the Turco-Italian War, was fought between the Kingdom of Italy and the Ottoman Empire from 29 September 1911 to 18 October 1912.Source: Wikidata (country of the location)
  41. 1912Albanian revolt of 1912Kosovo VilayetThe Albanian revolt of 1912 (Albanian: Kryengritja e vitit 1912, "Uprising of 1912") was the last revolt against the Ottoman Empire's rule in Albania and lasted from January until August 1912. The revolt ended when the Ottoman government agreed to fulfill the rebels' demands on 4 September 1912. Generally, Muslim Albanians fought against the Ottomans then governed by the Committee of Union and Progress.Source: Wikidata (country)
  42. 1912Battle of MonastirMonastir vilayetThe Battle of Monastir (Serbian: Битољска битка) took place near the town of Bitola, Macedonia region (then known as Monastir) during the First Balkan War, between Serbian and Ottoman forces from 16 to 19 November 1912. It resulted in a Serbian victory after heavy fighting north of the city, the routed Ottomans fled abandoning their guns.Source: Wikidata (country)
  43. 19131913 Ottoman coup d'étatOttoman EmpireThe 1913 Ottoman coup d'état (23 January 1913), also known as the Raid on the Sublime Porte (Turkish: Bâb-ı Âlî Baskını), was a coup d'état carried out in the Ottoman Empire by a number of Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) members led by Ismail Enver Bey and Mehmed Talât Bey, in which the group made a surprise raid on the central Ottoman government buildings, the Sublime Porte (Turkish: Bâb-ı Âlî).Source: Wikidata (country)
  44. 1914 – 1918World War IFull storyEurope, Middle East, Africa, AsiaFour years of war that killed millions, destroyed four empires and redrew the map of Europe and the Middle East.
  45. 1915 – 1923Armenian genocideOttoman EmpireThe Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Spearheaded by the ruling Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), it was implemented primarily through the mass murder of around one million Armenians during death marches from the Turkish-dominated Anatolia to the Syrian desert and the forced Islamization of others, primarily women and…Source: Wikidata (country)
  46. 1915 – 1916Gallipoli campaignGallipoliThe Gallipoli campaign, the Dardanelles campaign, the Defence of Gallipoli or the Battle of Gallipoli (Turkish: Gelibolu Muharebesi, Çanakkale Muharebeleri or Çanakkale Savaşı) was a military campaign in the First World War on the Gallipoli Peninsula (now Gelibolu) from 19 February 1915 to 9 January 1916.
  47. 1915Defense of VanVanThe defense of Van (Armenian: Վանի հերոսամարտ, romanized: Vani herosamart) and in Russian Van operation (Russian: Ванская операция, romanized: Vanskaya operatsia) was the armed resistance of the Armenian population of Van and Russian army against the Ottoman Empire's attempts to massacre the Ottoman Armenian population of the Van Vilayet in the 1915 Armenian genocide.Source: Wikidata (country)
  48. 1915Musa Dagh ResistanceMusa DaghMusa Dagh (Turkish: Musa Dağı; Armenian: Մուսա լեռ, romanized: Musa leṛ; Arabic: جبل موسى, romanized: Jebel Musa; meaning "Moses Mountain") is a mountain in the Hatay Province of Turkey. In 1915, it was the location of a successful Armenian resistance to the Armenian genocide, an event that inspired Franz Werfel to write the novel The Forty Days of Musa Dagh.Source: Wikidata (country)
  49. 1915Urfa resistanceŞanlıurfaThe Urfa resistance (Armenian: Ուրֆայի հերոսամարտի, Turkish: Urfa İsyanı) was an effort by some Ottoman Armenians in Urfa to defend themselves against the Armenian genocide launched by the Ottoman Empire. The resistance was quelled following German intervention.Source: Wikidata (country)
  50. 1916 – 1918Arab RevoltHejaz VilayetThe Arab Revolt (Arabic: الثورة العربية al-Thawra al-'Arabiyya), also known as the Great Arab Revolt (الثورة العربية الكبرى al-Thawra al-'Arabiyya al-Kubrā), was an armed uprising by the Hashemite-led Arabs of the Hejaz against the Ottoman Empire amidst the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I.Source: Wikidata (country)
  51. 1916Trebizond CampaignTrabzonThe Trebizond Campaign, also known as the Battle of Trebizond, was a series of successful Russian naval and land operations that resulted in the capture of Trabzon. It was the logical step after the Erzerum Campaign. Operations began on February 5 and concluded when the Ottoman troops abandoned Trabzon on the night of April 15, 1916.Source: Wikidata (country)
  52. 1918Battle of MegiddoSharon PlainThe Battle of Megiddo was fought between 19 and 25 September 1918, on the Plain of Sharon, in front of Tulkarm, Tabsor and Arara in the Judean Hills as well as on the Esdralon Plain at Nazareth, Afulah, Beisan, Jenin and Samakh.Source: Wikidata (country)
  53. 1919Greek landing at SmyrnaAydin vilayetThe Greek landing at Smyrna (Greek: Ελληνική απόβαση στη Σμύρνη; Turkish: Yunanların İzmir'e çıkışı) was a military operation by Greek forces starting on May 15, 1919 which involved landing troops in the city of Smyrna and surrounding areas.Source: Wikidata (country)
  54. 1922Ottoman Empire endsTurkeyThe sultanate is abolished after more than six centuries. The Republic of Turkey is declared the following year.