Jean-Marie Le Pen

Jean Louis Marie "Jean-Marie" Le Pen (French: [ʒɑ̃maʁi]; Breton: [lə pɛn]; 20 June 1928 – 7 January 2025) was a French politician who founded the far-right National Front (now National Rally) party. He served as the party's president from 1972 to 2011 and as its honorary president from 2011 to 2015.

Born in Brittany, Le Pen focused on issues related to immigration to France, the European Union, traditional culture and values, law and order, and France's high rate of unemployment. His rise to prominence in the 1980s had a noticeable effect on mainstream political opinion, catalyzing the so-called "lepénisation of minds". His controversial speeches and his integration into public life made him a figure who polarized opinion. He was convicted of statements downplaying the Holocaust, and fined for incitement to discrimination regarding remarks made about Muslims in France. He was expelled from the party by his daughter Marine in 2015 after making further controversial statements.

Le Pen's longevity in politics and his five attempts to become president of France made him a major figure in French political life. His unexpected progress to the second round in the 2002 presidential election—when he was beaten in a landslide by incumbent Jacques Chirac—left its mark on French public life, and the "21st of April" is now a frequently used expression in France. He served three terms in the National Assembly and was a member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 1984 to 2019.