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هذا المحتوى غير متوفر بالعربية بعد، ويُعرض بالإنجليزية.

العصر الحديث · 28 يوليو 1914 – 11 نوفمبر 1918

الحرب العالمية الأولى

أربع سنوات من الحرب قتلت الملايين، وأسقطت أربع إمبراطوريات، وأعادت رسم خريطة أوروبا والشرق الأوسط.

Soldiers in a front-line trench on the Western Front, 1916
Soldiers in a front-line trench on the Western Front, 1916 · User:Hohum, Public domain, ويكيميديا كومنز
≈65Msoldiers mobilized
≈9Msoldiers killed
≈20Mtotal deaths, military and civilian
4empires collapsed

تواريخ رئيسية

اضغط على تاريخ للانتقال إلى ذلك الجزء من القصة.

  1. 28 يونيو 1914Archduke shot in Sarajevo
  2. 4 أغسطس 1914Britain enters the war
  3. 6 سبتمبر 1914First Battle of the Marne
  4. 25 أبريل 1915Gallipoli landings
  5. 1 يوليو 1916Battle of the Somme begins
  6. 6 أبريل 1917United States declares war
  7. 11 نوفمبر 1918Armistice
  8. 28 يونيو 1919Treaty of Versailles
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The spark

28 June 1914

In Sarajevo, a 19-year-old Bosnian Serb named Gavrilo Princip shoots Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife Sophie.

Austria-Hungary blames Serbia. With Germany’s backing, it sends Serbia an ultimatum written to be rejected.

The Archduke and Sophie in Sarajevo, minutes before the attack · ويكيميديا كومنز
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Alliances pull everyone in

July – November 1914

Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia on 28 July. Russia mobilizes to protect Serbia. Germany declares war on Russia on 1 August and on France on 3 August, then invades neutral Belgium to reach Paris. Britain declares war on Germany on 4 August.

Within a week, a Balkan crisis has become a European war. In late 1914 the Ottoman Empire joins Germany’s side and the war reaches the Middle East.

Europe’s alliances, August 1914 · ويكيميديا كومنز

Allies

  • France
  • British Empire
  • Russiato 1918
  • Serbia
  • Belgium
  • Japan
  • Italyfrom 1915
  • Arab Revoltfrom 1916
  • United Statesfrom 1917

Central Powers

  • Germany
  • Austria-Hungary
  • Ottoman Empirefrom 1914
  • Bulgariafrom 1915
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Trenches and stalemate

1914 – 1916

France and Britain stop the German advance at the First Battle of the Marne in September 1914. Both sides dig in, and soon a line of trenches runs about 700 km from the North Sea to Switzerland.

Attacks across no man’s land cost huge numbers of lives for very little ground. At Verdun in 1916, French and German armies fight for about 300 days. On the first day of the Somme, 1 July 1916, the British Army suffers about 57,000 casualties, the worst day in its history.

Aerial photo of trench lines on the Somme · ويكيميديا كومنز
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A world war

1915 – 1918

Fighting spreads far beyond Europe. At Gallipoli in 1915, Allied troops try to knock the Ottoman Empire out of the war and withdraw after eight months.

In Mesopotamia (today’s Iraq), a British-Indian army is besieged at Kut and surrenders in April 1916. In June 1916, Sharif Hussein of Mecca launches the Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule with British support. Meanwhile Britain and France secretly agree, in the Sykes–Picot Agreement, how to divide the region after the war.

Fronts in the Middle East, 1915–1918 · ويكيميديا كومنز
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1917, the turning point

1917 – March 1918

German submarines sink merchant ships without warning, and a secret German offer of an alliance to Mexico, the Zimmermann Telegram, is exposed. The United States declares war on Germany on 6 April 1917.

In Russia, revolution topples the tsar. The new Bolshevik government signs a separate peace with Germany at Brest-Litovsk in March 1918.

American troops arriving in France, 1917 · ويكيميديا كومنز
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The end

March – November 1918

Germany moves its eastern armies west for a final Spring Offensive in March 1918 and comes close to Paris. The Allies stop it, then launch the Hundred Days Offensive on 8 August.

Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire sign armistices, Austria-Hungary collapses, and Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates. The guns fall silent at 11 a.m. on 11 November 1918.

Crowds celebrate the Armistice, 11 November 1918 · ويكيميديا كومنز
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The aftermath

1919 – 1923

The Treaty of Versailles is signed on 28 June 1919, five years to the day after Sarajevo. It blames Germany for the war and demands heavy reparations.

The German, Austro-Hungarian, Russian and Ottoman empires are gone. New states appear in Europe, and Britain and France take control of former Ottoman lands as League of Nations mandates, drawing borders that still shape the Middle East. Anger over the peace helps set the stage for World War II twenty years later.

Signing of the treaty in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles · ويكيميديا كومنز

شخصيات رئيسية

  • Franz FerdinandHeir to Austria-Hungary. His murder started the crisis.
  • Kaiser Wilhelm IIGerman emperor. Abdicated in November 1918.
  • Tsar Nicholas IIRussia’s last tsar. Abdicated in March 1917.
  • Mustafa KemalOttoman commander at Gallipoli. Later founded modern Turkey.
  • Sharif HusseinEmir of Mecca. Launched the Arab Revolt in 1916.
  • Woodrow WilsonUS president. Proposed the Fourteen Points for peace.
  • Georges ClemenceauFrench prime minister at the Versailles talks.

ما الذي أدّى إليه

الثورة الروسية1917نهاية الدولة العثمانية1922انهيار وول ستريت1929الحرب العالمية الثانية1939 – 1945اعرضه على الخط الزمني

مواضيع

الدولة العثمانية1299 – 1922إيران9000 ق.م – اليومالصين1046 ق.م – اليومالإمبراطورية الأخمينية600 ق.م – 1973

شخصيات

Figures are historians’ estimates and vary by source. النص مأخوذ من ويكيبيديا وتتم مراجعته قبل النشر.